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How Does the Throat Know Not to Send Food to the Lungs When You Swallow

Written By Saturday, 12 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

Foliage-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs

Epiglottis
Gray958.png

View of the larynx from behind. The epiglottis is the structure at the top of the image.
Details
Precursor Fourth pharyngeal arch[1]
Office Forbid nutrient from inbound the respiratory tract.
Identifiers
Latin Epiglottis
MeSH D004825
TA98 A06.2.07.001
TA2 3190
FMA 55130
Anatomical terminology

[edit on Wikidata]

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents nutrient and water from entering the windpipe and the lungs. It stays open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of nutrient into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to continue the esophagus toward the stomach instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus.

The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects upwardly and backwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone.

The epiglottis may be inflamed in a status chosen epiglottitis, which is virtually commonly due to the vaccine-preventable bacteria Haemophilus influenzae. Dysfunction may crusade the inhalation of food, called aspiration, which may lead to pneumonia or airway obstruction. The epiglottis is too an important landmark for intubation.

The epiglottis has been identified every bit early on as Aristotle, and gets its proper noun from being to a higher place the glottis (epi- + glottis).

Structure [edit]

Location of the epiglottis

The epiglottis sits at the entrance of the larynx. Information technology is shaped like a leaf of purslane and has a free upper part that rests behind the tongue, and a lower stalk (Latin: petiolus).[ii] The stalk originates from the back surface of the thyroid cartilage, connected by a thyroepiglottic ligament. At the sides, the stalk is continued to the arytenoid cartilages at the walls of the larynx by folds.[2]

The epiglottis originates at the archway of the larynx, and is attached to the hyoid bone. From in that location, it projects upwards and backwards behind the tongue.[three] The space betwixt the epiglottis and the natural language is called the vallecula.[three]

Microanatomy [edit]

The epiglottis has two surfaces; a forwards-facing anterior surface, and a posterior surface facing the larynx.[2] The forward-facing surface is covered with several layers of thin cells (stratified squamous epithelium), and is not covered with keratin, the same surface every bit the back of the natural language.[two] The back surface is covered in a layer of column-shaped cells with cilia, similar to the residue of the respiratory tract. It besides has mucous-secreting goblet cells.[2] There is an intermediate zone between these surfaces that contains cells that transition in shape.[4] The body of the epiglottis consists of rubberband cartilage.[ii]

Development [edit]

The epiglottis arises from the quaternary pharyngeal arch. It tin be seen as a distinct construction later than the other cartilage of the pharynx, visible around the fifth month of development.[1] The position of the epiglottis also changes with ageing. In infants, it touches the soft palate, whereas in adults, its position is lower.[3]

Variation [edit]

A loftier rise epiglottis (with forward-facing anterior surface being visible)

A loftier-rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an exam of the oral cavity. It does not cause any serious problem apart from peradventure a mild sensation of a foreign body in the pharynx. It is seen more often in children than adults and does not demand any medical or surgical intervention.[5] The front end surface of the epiglottis is occasionally notched.[2]

Function [edit]

The epiglottis is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning equally role of the pharynx.[2] There are taste buds on the epiglottis.[half dozen]

Swallowing [edit]

During swallowing, the epiglottis bends backwards, folding over the entrance to the trachea, and preventing food from going into it.[2] The folding backwards is a complex movement the causes of which are non completely understood.[2] Information technology is probable that during swallowing the hyoid bone and the larynx motility upward and frontwards, which increases passive pressure level from the back of the tongue; because the aryepiglottic muscles contract; considering of the passive weight of the food pushing downward; and because of wrinkle of laryngeal and because of contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles.[2] The effect of this is that during swallowing the aptitude epiglottis blocks off the trachea, preventing food from going into it; food instead travels downwardly the esophagus, which is behind information technology.[3]

Speech sounds [edit]

In many languages, the epiglottis is not essential for producing sounds.[two] In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this audio-type is rather rare.[7]

Clinical significance [edit]

Inflammation [edit]

Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused by Haemophilus influenzae. A person with epiglottitis may accept a fever, sore pharynx, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty animate. For this reason, astute epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency, because of the take chances of obstruction of the pharynx. Epiglottitis is oftentimes managed with antibiotics, inhaled aerosolised epinephrine to act equally a bronchodilator, and may require tracheal intubation or a tracheostomy if breathing is difficult.[8]

The incidence of epiglottitis has decreased significantly in countries where vaccination confronting Haemophilus influenzae is administered.[9] [10]

Aspiration [edit]

When food or other objects travel down the respiratory tract rather than down the esophagus to the stomach, this is called aspiration. This tin lead to airway obstruction, inflammation of lung tissue, and aspiration pneumonia; and in the long term, atelectasis and bronchiectasis.[iii] One reason aspiration tin occur is because of failure of the epiglottis to close completely.[2] [3]

Should food or liquid enter the airway due to the epiglottis failing to shut properly, pharynx clearing[3] or the cough reflex may occur to protect the respiratory system and miscarry material from the airway.[eleven] Where there is impairment in laryngeal vestibule sensation, silent aspiration (entry of material to the airway that does non effect in a cough reflex) may occur.[3] [12]

Other [edit]

The epiglottis and vallecula are important anatomical landmarks in intubation.[13] Abnormal positioning of the epiglottis is a rare crusade of obstructive slumber apnoea.[14]

Other animals [edit]

The epiglottis is present in mammals,[fifteen] including land mammals and cetaceans,[16] too as a cartilaginous structure.[17] Like in humans, it functions to prevent entry of nutrient into the trachea during swallowing.[17] The position of the larynx is apartment in mice and other rodents, including rabbits.[4] For this reason, because the epiglottis is located behind the soft palate in rabbits, they are obligate nose breathers,[18] [19] every bit are mice and other rodents.[4] In rodents and mice, there is a unique pouch in front of the epiglottis, and the epiglottis is unremarkably injured past inhaled substances, particularly at the transition zone betwixt the flattened and cuboidal epithelium.[20] [iv] It is too mutual to see taste buds on the epiglottis in these species.[four]

History [edit]

The epiglottis was noted by Aristotle,[fifteen] although the epiglottis' function was first defined by Vesalius in 1543.[21] The discussion has Greek roots.[22] The epiglottis gets its proper name from existence above (Ancient Greek: ἐπί, romanized: epi- ) the glottis (Aboriginal Greek: γλωττίς, romanized: glottis , lit.'tongue').[23]

Additional images [edit]

  • Cross-section of the larynx, with structures including the epiglottis labelled.

  • Cross-section of the larynx of a horse. The epiglottis here is shown every bit '2'.

  • Structures of the larynx every bit viewed during laryngoscopy. The leaf-like epiglottis is shown as number '3'. Other structures: i=vocal folds, two=vestibular fold, three=epiglottis, four=plica aryepiglottica, five=arytenoid cartilage, 6=sinus piriformis, 7=dorsum of the tongue

Encounter also [edit]

  • Epiglottal consonant
  • Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant
  • Pharyngeal consonant

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). ""Development of the Urogenital organization"". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed., Thoroughly rev. and updated. ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 362. ISBN9780443068119.
  2. ^ a b c d east f thou h i j 1000 l chiliad Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). Gray's beefcake : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 586–viii. ISBN9780702052309. OCLC 920806541.
  3. ^ a b c d eastward f g h Matsuo, Koichiro; Palmer, Jeffrey B. (November 2008). "Anatomy and Physiology of Feeding and Swallowing – Normal and Aberrant". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 19 (4): 691–707. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2008.06.001. ISSN 1047-9651. PMC2597750. PMID 18940636.
  4. ^ a b c d e Harkema, Jack R.; Carey, Stephan A.; Wagner, James 1000.; Dintzis, Suzanne Grand.; Liggitt, Denny (2018), "Nose, Sinus, Pharynx, and Larynx", Comparative Anatomy and Histology, Elsevier, pp. 89–114, doi:x.1016/b978-0-12-802900-viii.00006-iii, ISBN9780128029008
  5. ^ Petkar N, Georgalas C, Bhattacharyya A (2007). "High-rising epiglottis in children: should it cause concern?". J Am Board Fam Med. twenty (5): 495–6. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2007.05.060212. PMID 17823468.
  6. ^ Jowett, Adrian; Shrestha, Rajani (November 1998). "Mucosa and gustation buds of the human being epiglottis". Periodical of Beefcake. 193 (four): 617–618. doi:x.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19340617.ten. PMC1467887. PMID 10029195.
  7. ^ Shahin, Kimary (2011), "Pharyngeals", The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–24, doi:x.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0025, ISBN9781444335262
  8. ^ Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. illustrated past Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 681. ISBN978-0-7020-3084-0.
  9. ^ Reilly BK, Reddy SK, Verghese ST (Apr 2013). "Acute epiglottitis in the era of post-Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine". J Anesth. 27 (ii): 316–7. doi:10.1007/s00540-012-1500-9. PMID 23076559. S2CID 33540359.
  10. ^ Hermansen MN, Schmidt JH, Krug AH, Larsen G, Kristensen S (April 2014). "Depression incidence of children with acute epiglottis after introduction of vaccination". Dan Med J. 61 (4): A4788. PMID 24814584.
  11. ^ Widdicombe, J. (one July 2006). "Cough: what'southward in a proper noun?". European Respiratory Journal. 28 (1): ten–15. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00096905. PMID 16816346.
  12. ^ Ramsey, Deborah; Smithard, David; Kalra, Lalit (13 December 2005). "Silent Aspiration: What Practice We Know?". Dysphagia. 20 (three): 218–225. doi:ten.1007/s00455-005-0018-9. PMID 16362510. S2CID 24880995.
  13. ^ Peitzman, Andrew B.; Rhodes, Michael; Schwab, C. William (2008). The Trauma Transmission: Trauma and Acute Intendance Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 86. ISBN9780781762755.
  14. ^ Catalfumo, Frank J.; Golz, Avishay; Westerman, S. Thomas; Gilbert, Liane Thousand.; Joachims, Henry Z.; Goldenberg, David (2018). "The epiglottis and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 112 (10): 940–943. doi:10.1017/S0022215100142136. ISSN 0022-2151. PMID 10211216.
  15. ^ a b Leroi, Armand Marie (2014-08-28). The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Scientific discipline. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 145. ISBN9781408836217.
  16. ^ Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. 1000. Thousand. (2009-02-26). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Bookish Press. p. 225. ISBN9780080919935.
  17. ^ a b Colville, Thomas P.; Bassert, Joanna M. (2008). Clinical Beefcake and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. Mosby Elsevier. p. 251. ISBN9780323046855.
  18. ^ Suckow, Marker A.; Stevens, Karla A.; Wilson, Ronald P. (2012-01-23). The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Hog, Hamster, and Other Rodents. Academic Press. p. 209. ISBN9780123809209.
  19. ^ Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A.; Orosz, Susan E. (2011). "Rabbit Respiratory Arrangement: Clinical Beefcake, Physiology and Disease". Veterinary Clinics of N America: Exotic Animal Practice. 14 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.03.002. PMID 21601814.
  20. ^ Treuting, Piper Thou.; Dintzis, Suzanne M.; Montine, Kathleen South. (2017-08-29). Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse, Rat, and Human Atlas. Bookish Printing. pp. 109–110. ISBN9780128029190.
  21. ^ Issues in Anatomy, Physiology, Metabolism, Morphology, and Homo Biology: 2011 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. 2012-01-09. p. 202. ISBN9781464964770.
  22. ^ Lydiatt DD, Bucher GS (March 2010). "The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx". Clin Anat. 23 (2): 131–44. doi:x.1002/ca.20912. PMID 20069644. S2CID 10234119.
  23. ^ Harper, Douglas. "epiglottis | Origin and significant of epiglottis past Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 26 October 2019.

External links [edit]

  • lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (larynxsagsect)
  • Where is the Epiglottis? at Study Sciences

lydawelithis.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottis

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